CSCI 3500: Lab 2

SLUSH - the SLU Shell

Processes are the fundamental abstraction in any operating system- it can be argued that the main purpose of an OS is to simplify execution of computer programs. A central part of this process is the program that allows a user to select and execute other programs: on Unix-based OSes this is the terminal or shell. The shell is not part of the operating system kernel, but it is a natural extension of it and in many ways represents the operating system itself!

We never want to take programs like bash or csh for granted, so we'll go through the dirty work of building or own shell from scratch.

In this lab, you will:

1. Spawn new processes with the fork() and execvp() system calls
2. Wait for child processes with the wait() system call
3. Perform complex input parsing in C
4. Pipe data between processes
5. Perform basic signal handling

Parameters

Please complete this assignment in teams of two or three.

Description

slush - SLU shell

slush is a very simple command-line interpreter. It uses a different syntax than shells like bash, and has much less functionality. slush executes in a loop in which it displays a prompt, reads in a command line from standard input, and executes the command.

There are two types of commands: built in commands which are executed by slush itself, and program execution commands which are carried out by separate processes.

A built in command must appear on a line by itself. The only built in command is:

cd dir - change current directory to dir

Program execution commands have the form:

prog_n [args] ( ... prog_3 [args] ( prog_2 [args] ( prog_1 [args]

This command runs the programs prog_n, ... , prog_2, prog_1 (each of which may have zero or more arguments) as separate processes in a "pipeline". This means the standard output of each process is connected to the standard input of the next.

The syntax of slush is backwards from shells you're used to, and is intended to emphasize the functional nature of pipeline commands. As an example, the command line:

more ( sort ( ps aux

should produce a paginated, sorted list of processes.

slush should catch ^C typed from the keyboard. If a command is running, this should interrupt the command. If the user is entering a line of input, slush should respond with a new prompt and a clean input line.

slush will exit when it reads an end-of-file on input.

Error Handling

If a program name does not exist or is not executable, slush should print an error message of the form:

prog1: Not found

(To do this automatically, you can use perror() after the exec() fails).

Syntax errors such as:

more ( ( ps au

more ( ps au (

should be handled with an appropriate message, such as:

Invalid null command

Hints

1. Work on parsing before you work on functionality. First write your program so that it reads input and generates correct tokens.

2. Exiting on end-of-file (EOF) is VERY IMPORTANT because without it I cannot test your program. This is the only way to exit slush. You can create a EOF by typing ^D at the keyboard, or by running your program with noninteractive input. For example, echo ls | slush should run slush, execute the ls command, and quit slush. I suggest you read input using fgets()- the return value is false (0) on EOF.

3. To break the user input into tokens, you could use the the strtok() function. For simplicity, you may restrict each command in a pipeline to at most 15 arguments. You may also limit the length of an input line to 256 characters. Violations of these limits may result in an error or simply be ignored, so long as slush does not crash.

4. Turning the command into a pipeline of running processes is much easier if you write a recursive function. Start at the left end of the command string, and work right recursively. Processes should fork() off right to left as you return from the series of recursive calls.

5. When a process has a pipe, it needs to close() the file descriptor for the end of the pipe it's not going to use (or else it will never terminate). Do this after each fork(). Both parent and child may need to close something. Count your children... you'll need to wait() for them later.

6. Save the ^C handling for last. ^C generates a SIGINT signal. You need to set up a signal handler to catch the signal. What happens if a signal is caught while reading a line of input? How about if a signal is caught while wait() is waiting? One more hint for ^C handling: typing ^| will send a SIGQUIT and stop your process if you've screwed up ^C.

Documentation

The following man pages will be useful:

• execvp (2)
• fork (2)
• wait (2)
• strtok (3)
• strcmp (3)
• chdir (2)
• close (2)
• dup2 (2)
• pipe (2)
• signal (2)
• sigaction (2)

Questions

1. As the answer to the first exercise, list the name(s) of the people who worked together on this lab.

2. Describe any known bugs or ways that your submission deviates from the above specification.

3. Indicate which, if any, extra credit exercises you have attempted.

Optional Enrichment Exercises

• 5% Extra Credit: It's useful to know where you are in the directory tree. Modify your slush prompt to print the current directory. Don't print the entire directory path- just print everything past the user's home directory. For example, if I login and issue the command 'cd dir1/dir2', then the whole directory path is actually:

  /export/mathcs/home/faculty/dferry/dir1/dir2

  That's much too long- I really just want to know the directory path within my home directory. That is, I want my shell prompt to look something like:

  slush|dir1/dir2>

  The manual pages getcwd(3) and getenv(3) might be helpful here, as well as the knowledge that there is an environment variable called HOME that stores the current user's home directory.

Submission

Submit your program and related files via the Git repository. Your submission must include a makefile that will compile your program by simply issuing the command make. You must also include a text file with your answers to the required exercises. Please include your name and the names of any partners in the body of your email.